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how to care your cat

variety of ways to care for cats
1. bathing a cat, bathe at least 2 times a week
     The following is the procedure for bathing a cat
     > Before the bath should do the following things. @ Cat should cut his toenails, so that later when the baths do not scratch your hands, this is often done on your cat, right @ Comb your cat's fur so that the hairs that clumping could be released from the body of the cat, @ Clean cat ears with cotton that has been oiled, is that the cat ears are not dirty and clean look @ Clean the cat's eyes with cotton direndang with warm water.
    > When bathing the cat should do the following things. @ When bathing a cat with a shampoo, shampoo do not give it too much because it will damage the cat's fur. @ Bathe the cat with warm water, or when the cat used to the cold water is also okay. @ Brush the cat's body so that dirt can be lifted @ After that dry the cat with a towel, and you can dry your cat with cat dryer or hair dryer 2. feed the cat with the routine and determine what kind of food that best matches your pet cat. because many types of cat food, start with foods that are ready to eat, and then processed their own food, to various types of meat in a can. 3. provide a comfortable bed, can be made from the rest of the carpet, or you can buy at pet stores. is that the cat feel at home and not often blurred. 4 and the latter, often to megelus the cat's body so she feels more comfortable around you.

Growth and Development of Ovule and Ovary

Angiosperms undergo double fertilization. Double fertilization produces a zygote and an endosperm. Afterwards, the ovule developes into a seed and an ovary into a fruit that protects the seed(s).

Growth and Development of Ovule

            The ovule grows and developes into a seed. The zygote and endosperm are in it. The zygote continues to grow and develops into an embryo.

Gowth and Development of endosperm

            The endosperm grows and develops earlier, compared to the embryo. The endosperm is rich in nutrients and it servers as food storage which is utilized for the growth and development of the embryo. In most monocotyledons,the nutrient reservers is put in the cotyledon before seed grows and developes further.

Gowth and Development of embryo

            Growth and development of the embryo is begun with zygotic cleavage by mitosis to produce basal and apical cells. Basal cells develop into a suspensor. The suspensor function as a connector between the embryo and the outer layer of the ovule. It also allows nutrients flow from the mother plant or the endosperm. Apical cells develop into a proembryo. This is followed by embryo`s development. In then develops a stem and roots.

Structure of mature seed

            During its maturation, the seed is dehydrated until water content is only about 5% to 15% of its weigth. Then, the embryo stop developing until the seed germinates. A mature seed contains an embryo that is surrounded by a cotyledon, or an endosperm, or both. The seed is protected by a seed coat (testa).

            Dicotyledon plants have two cotyledons. In their embryo`s development, epicotyls and hypocotyls ar formed. Epicotyls are located above the cotyledon. The tip of the epicotyls is called the plumule, which is foliage of leaves. Hypocotyls are located below the cotyledon. They end at the radical. Monocots have only a single cotyledon.in some monocots, the cotyledon is called a scutellum. It is thin and the endosperm suppresses where it is positioned. The scutellum absorbs nutrients from the endosperm during germination. The embryos of grass plants are surrounded by coleorhizae and coleoptiles. Coleorhizae protects the radical and the coleoptiles protects leaves and stem primordia  

Seed Germination

            Seeds will develop under the correct environmental conditions. But other seeds may become dormant which means that the seed stops growing and developing. A seed may become dormant when he environmental conditions do not support germination.

            When germination starts, seed dormancy end. The end of dormancy is marked by the entrance of water into the seed, a process called imbbition. This process induces enzymatic activities (biocatalysts that play a role in metabolism) so germination starts. After dormancy ends, the plant cells multiply in number by active division. However, newly formed cells are not differentiated yet. When te clump of cells reaches a certain cell mass, the plant starts the differentiation process.

            Differentiation is a process of adding distinct cell types and functions to the organism. Afterward, organs are formed by organogenesis. Organogenesis of many different shapes of organs to complete the structure and function of the organism is called development or morphogenesis.

            Seed can germinate because they have an embryo. There are 3 parts of an embryo: radical,cotyledon, and caulicle.

Radicle (Embryonic Root)	Cotyledon (Embryonic Leaf)	Caulicle ( Embryonic Stem)
The radicle will grow and function into roots. The tip of radicle is facing toward the micropylar endosperm (seed canal). During germination, the root grows through this canal and ruptures the seed coat.	Cotyledon is the first structural leaf of the plant. It has several function : Ø  As storage for food. It is thick, one side is usually curved and the other side is flat Ø  A structur for photosynthesis Ø  To absorb nutrient from endosperm, which form a thin layer called the shield shaped scutellum in monocots.	There are two parts of the caulicle: the epicotyl and hypocotyls. Ø  Epicotyl is a stem segment above the cotyledon thet will grow into the stem and leaf. Ø  Hypocotyl is a stem segment below the cotyledon that will grow to elongate into roots

   There are two types of germination based on the strating location: epigeal and hypogeal.

Epigeal germination

            Epigeal germination is marked by the up-lifting of the hypocotyls above the ground level. Cotyledon divides quickly to form leaves. This type of germination can be observed inmung bean plants( phaseolus radiatus)

Hypogeal germination

            Hypogeal germination is marked by the formation of a rudimentary stem that appears above ground level, while the cotyledon stays inside the soil ( hypocotyls stays underground). This process can be observed in pea plants (pisum sativum).

Growth and Development in the Plants

         Plants Growth occurs because of the size increase which is caused by the increase in the number of cells through cell division (mitosis) in ythe growing points and enlargement point in each cell. take a look a picture beside.
         In plant growth, cell divisoin mostly occurs in the meristem tissue. Meristems are mostly found in the root tip and stem tip, which are called apical meristems.
When  the young Plants grow, the root and the stem grow longer. this growth is called primary growth. some plants, such as wooden plants, have stems and roots which become thicker. this growth is called secondary growth. to measure the speed growth of plants, we use the auxanometer
 Take a look at figure bellow.

 

Note : Important to know
During growth, The plant cells undergo development until they form organs which process differents structures and functions

the definition of growth and developement

                   One of the characteristics of living organisms is to grow and develop. Growth is the process of the increase of volume and number of cells that cause the increase in size of the living organisms. the number of cells increases due to cell division by mitosis. Growth is IRREVERSIBLE, which mean that the growing living organisms will not able te revert to their original size.

                  Development is the changing process of cells in order to form certain structures and functions. The dividing cells will form a cell cluster with similar form and function which then differentiates further to form organs with different structures and functions. Growth of living organisms coincides with the development process.